Vocab+-+Unit+6

She found more people died of poor sanitation rather than the Crimean War. || political- expands legislative power, government education, and ease censorship foreign policy- troops to Italy, Crimean War, colonialism 1855- during Crimean War agreed to join war against Russia || means - resurgence || kleindeutsh plan- (Little Germany) excluded Austria from the German Confederation *this plan was chosen || Prussia getting Schleswig and Austria getting Holstein || Results: Prussia annexes Schleswig and Holstein, and Austria was dealt with gradually! North German Confederation established, and Austria kick Bismarck out of Prussia || After: Bismarck convinces South German States to join and the 1st German Emperor is crowned-- King of Prussia (William I) also known as Kaiser || Problem- Hungarian speak Magyar and Austria agrees with Magyars to keep peace || were motivated by "gold, God and glory" || Presided over Russia's industrialization ||
 * **__Age of Realpolitik (1848-1871)__** ||  ||
 * Crimean War || 1854-1856-Russia tries to seize Ottoman territorNo territory won! controversy over religious sites in Jerualem ||
 * Florence Nightengale || worked as a nurse during war, collected data to improve military hospitals
 * Second French Republic || 1848-1852-created universal male suffarage, unicameral legislation, popularly elected PRESIDENT LOUIS NAPOLEAN ||
 * Second French Empire || 1852; came to be after Louis Napolean crowned himself hereditary emperor, Emperor Napolean III, making France an empire ||
 * Napoleon III || He was elected President of the Republic from 1848 to 1852 but in 1852 he did not have enough legislative support BUT he had a coup and 97%, heriditary emperor ||
 * "Liberal Empire" || economic reform- Suez Cannal, banking, free trade
 * Phase 2 of Napoleans Empire 1860s * ||
 * Sardinia-Piedmont || it was a kingdom under Cavour
 * King Victor Emmanuel || 1st king of united Italy, and last king of Sardinia-Piedmont, signed treaty of Milian with Austria, though later joined forces with Napolean III against Austria ||
 * Count Cavour || Prime Minister of Sardinia, monarchist but liberal, believed in realpolitik, helped reform economy and agriculture by building railroads and supported free trade ||
 * "Il Risorgimento" || name given to nationalist movement in Italy
 * Plombieres, 1859 || "Secret Deal"- Cavour negotiates a secret deal with Napolean II (promised to aide Sardinia if faced with Austria) Sardinia gives France territory and next year war was provoked by Cavour ||
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi || SOLDIER & PATRIOT devoted to Italian freedom and forced to flee Italy several times, spent 12 years in Africa studying guerilla warfare ||
 * Red Shirts || a volunteer army formed by Garibaldi, faught for Italian unity, were lead b Garibaldi during 'loose expedition" ||
 * Expedition of the Thousand (1860) || Garibaldi captured the kingdom of 2 Sicilies and continued North and captured Naples, he wanted to continue to take Rome ||
 * Zollverein || in 1834 created a German Free Trade Zone, dismantilling tarrif barriers ||
 * //"grossdeutsch plan" vs. "kleindeutsch plan"// || grossdeutsch plan- (Big Germany) included adding Austria in the German Confederation.
 * Otto Von Bismarck || appointed Prime Minister of Prussia by William I, he was also known as the "Iron Chancellor" believed in the ends justify the means, modernized Prussia's army ||
 * "gap theory" || theory that in cases of conflict between the crown and parliament, the crown must prevail. This allowed the king to spend tax money without the approval of Parliament. ||
 * "blood and Iron" speech || given by Bismarck, Prussia needs money to mondernize the army, they need a different direction, Parliament disapproved but he DID IT anyway ||
 * Prussian-Danish War (1863) || Prussia allies with Austria to fight Denmark, they win and split conquered territory
 * Austo-Prussian War (1866) || Bismarck allies with Italy against Austria (also known as 7 week war)
 * Reichstag || the German parliament until 1945 ||
 * Bundestag || succesor of Reichstag. It was establishe diwht the Germany's constitution of 1949, and became the West German Parliament ||
 * Franco Prussian War (1870-71) || Prussia provokes France to war through Ems Dispatch
 * Ems Dispatch || Bismarck rewards it so France gets involved in war ||
 * Austro-Hungarian Empire (Dual Monarchy) || Austria kick out German Confederation and forced to make compromise ||
 * Ausgleich (1867) || agreement/ compromise for dual monarchy "German word for compromise" ||
 * Magyars || HUGE nationalist uprising
 * **__The New Imperialism__** ||  ||
 * "Old Imperialism" || term given to imperialism before 1890's when conquerors
 * "New Imperialism" || term given to imperialism after the last quarter of the nineteenth century with ultra-nationalist and white-supremacist tendencies ||
 * Dr. David Livingston || the first European explorer to see Victoria  falls, European missionary and humanitarian to Africa ||
 * H. M. Stanley || explorer of central Africa , found Dr. Livingston ||
 * Social Darwinism - Herbert Spencer || A continuation of Darwin ’s theory of evolution, the theory that competition between individuals is a good thing and that the strong should survive ||
 * //White Man's Burden// - Rudyard Kipling || The “White Man’s Burden” was a poem written by Rudyard Kipling documenting the patronizing and racist views of Europeans towards indigenous people. It was read at Queen Victoria ’s Diamond Jubilee. ||
 * "Scramble for Africa" || The period of European’s claims to African territory between 1880 and 1914 during the New Imperialism movement ||
 * Belgian Congo || Currently the Democratic People’s Republic of the <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Congo <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">. Created after King Leopold II relinquished personal control of the territory and ceded it to <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Belgium ||
 * Egypt (British Protectorate) || Britain seized control of Egypt ’s government in 1888 to protect its financial interests. ||
 * Sudan || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">In the 1890s <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Britain <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> tried to take control of <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Sudan <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> starting a bloody conflict that lasted until 1899 when an Anglo Egyptian rule was formed ||
 * Boer War (1899-1902) ||  || Was fought between the British government and the two independent Boer  Republics called the Orange Free State and the South  African  Republic . Those two states were then annexed into the British Empire  ||   ||
 * Algeria ||  || Was originally colonized by France in 1830 and was part of France until its independence in 1958 ||   ||
 * Ethiopia ||  || Was not colonized during the scramble for Africa but was brutally controlled by Mussolini’s Italy from 1935-1941. ||   ||
 * Opium Wars ||  || Lasted from 1839-1842 and 1856-1860. It was the result of British smuggling of opium into China and China ’s response to curb the drug trade. ||   ||
 * Treaty of Nanking ||  || Was the treaty that ended the first Opium War between Britain and Qing Dynasty in 1842 ||   ||
 * "Spheres of Influence" ||  || Is an area or region in which a state or country exerts some kind of indirect economic, social or political control ||   ||
 * Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) ||  || Was a war fought between Quing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan over the control of Korea  ||   ||
 * British East India Company ||  || Was an early joint stock company. It was transformed from a commercial company to one that virtually ruled India and Asia  ||   ||
 * Robert Clive || Established the military and political supremecy of the East India Company. Also known as Clive of India. ||
 * Sepoy Mutiny (1857-58) || An armed uprising against the British East India Trading Company ||
 * Indian National Congress || Major political party in India. It became the nation's leader in the Independence Movement. Also involved in the struggle against the British Empire ||
 * Indochina || A region in Southeast Asia including Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia ||
 * Boxer Rebellion || A Chinese uprising against foreign influence. "Boxers" was the name given to Chinese that belonged to an organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists. ||
 * Russo-Japanese War (1904) || Conflict between the Russian Empire and the Japanese Empire imperialist ambitions ||
 * Karl Marx || The father of communism. took part in composing the Communist Manifesto ||
 * //Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital// || Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles suggesting the overthrowing of the bourgeois by the proletariat to create a classless and stateless society ||
 * J. A. Hobson || An English economist and imperial critic. ||
 * **__Age of Mass Politics (1871-1914)__** ||  ||
 * "Age of Mass Politics" || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">period during which political groups instated mass movements in hopes of reform ||
 * German Empire || founded by authoritarian realpolitik Otto von Bismarck, unification of German states and movement toward conservatism, established new German parliament, ended formally with abdication of Wilhelm II ||
 * Kaiser Wilhelm I || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">German emperor, became first Kaiser of a united Germany, Otto von Bismarck was his prime minister, achieved unification of Germany after Franco-Prussian war ||
 * Otto von Bismarck || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">prime minister under Wilhelm I, conservative views, instated kulturkampf, creation of modern German state, influence declined with Wilhelm II, Imperial Chancellor of German Empire ||
 * Reichstag || formed by Social Democratic Party and disliked by Bismarck for their antinationalist attitude <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"> à lower house of German parliament ||
 * Bundestag || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">German political system, name for parliament, lower house of German parliament ||
 * Bundesrat || upper house of German legislature ||
 * Junkers || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">wealthy German landowners, group with significant political influence ||
 * Kulturkampf || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">‘culture conflict’, name given to Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church in Germany, now a term referencing conflict between church and state universally ||
 * Center Party (Catholic Party) || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Catholic political party in Germany, weakened significantly by Bismarck, eventually dissolving (reformed years later) ||
 * Democratic Socialist Party (S.P.D.) || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">led by Liebknecht and Bebel, espouted revolutionary Marxism and organized what would be become competitive mass political party ||
 * Wilhelm II || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">last German emperor and King of Prussia, disagreed politically with Bismarck and broke away from his guidance, became increasingly interested in social problems, abdication ended German Empire ||
 * Third French Republic || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">came into existence in 1870 in the midst of the Franco-Prussian War, <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">longest lasting regime since 1789 French Revolution, governing body after Second Empire ||
 * Paris Commune || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">French radical republicans formed independent republican government in Paris, eventually massacred by actual government troops ||
 * Adolphe Thiers || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">leader of the Party of Movement, favored ministerial responsibility, active foreign policy and limited franchise expansion ||
 * Chamber of Deputies || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">French bicameral house, lower, elected by male suffrage ||
 * Jules Ferry || <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">French statesmen, member of government of national defense, established Jules Ferry laws which established first free and then mandatory education ||
 * Dreyfus Affair || List of French military documents found in waste basket of German embassy in Paris. A Jew named Dreyfus was blamed. ||
 * Emile Zola, "J'acuse!" || Accused government of cover up and mistrial. Zola was prosecuted and went to jail for one year. ||
 * Jean Juares || French. One of the first social democrats. Leader during Paris Commune. ||
 * Lord Palmerston || Prime Minister from1855-1865. ||
 * Conservative Party || The Tory party under Disraeli ||
 * Benjamin Disraeli || Conservative Prime Minister. Goal was: Give conservative pary control over the reform process. Labor would be grateful and vote Conservative. Loved and popular. ||
 * Liberal Party || Whig Party under Gladstone ||
 * William Gladstone || Liberal Prime Minister. Created 2nd Reform Bill. Not nearly as popular as Disraeli. ||
 * Reform Bill of 1867, "leap in the dark" || Lowered the monetary requirements for voting and enfranchised many male urban workers. Number of votes increased. ||
 * Reform Act of 1884 || Right to vote was further extended by Gladstone. Gave the vote to ALL men who paid taxes. ||
 * Fabian Society || Group of intellectuals who stressed the need for the workers to use their right to vote and get the House of Commons to pass legislation that would benefit the laboring class. ||
 * Independent Labor Party || Representatives of the trade unions and Fabian Socialists coalesced to form the Labor party. Won only one seat in 1900, but managed to elect 29 members to the House of Commons. ||
 * Parliament Act of 1911 ||  ||
 * Millicent Fawcett || Liberal who organized a moderate group who believed that women must demonstrate that theyw ould use political power responsibly if htey wanted Parliament to grant them the right to vote. ||
 * Emmeline Pankhurst || She and her daughters founded the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903, which enrolled mostly middle and upper class women. Realized the value of media and used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to demands. ||
 * Representation of the People Act (1918) || Women over a certain age could vote; All men could vote. ||
 * The "Irish Question" || Term used to describe Irish nationalism and the call for Irish independence. ||
 * Young Ireland || Movement which used nationalism as a political force. ||
 * Irish Home Rule || Granted self government and national autonomy to Irleand. Four actual acts. ||
 * Ulster || Region in Ireland whwere Protestants lived who wanted to part in an Irish Catholic state. ||
 * Easter Rebellion || Members of the Republican Brotherhood and Citizens army occupied government buildings in Dublin on Easter Sunday in 1916. ||
 * "Eastern Question" || What should happen to the Balkans when the Ottoman Empire stopped being a political fact in Southeast Europe? ||
 * "Sick Man of Europe" || associated with any European country going through a hard financial time, but is usually associated with the Ottoman Empire. ||
 * Pan-Slavism || Movement aimed at uniting all Slavic people. ||
 * jingoism || A type of Nationalism that uses violence and an agressive foreign policy. ||
 * Congress of Berlin (1878) || Dominated by Bismarck. Effectively demolished the Treaty of San Stefano. Bulgarian state was reduced, and rest of territory was returned to Ottoman control. Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania were recognized as independent. ||
 * Social Revisionism ||  ||
 * Eduard Bernstein || Evolutionary socialist, member of German Social Democratic Party. He challenged Marxist orthodoxy with his book "Evolutionary Socialism". argued that Marx's ideas were wrong- capitalism was not broken down. Said middle class was expanding, not declining ||
 * anarchy || Originally not violent. People were said to be curropted by society and government. Anarchy is a governmentless society. ||
 * Mikhail Bakunin || Believed that small groups of well trained revolutionaries could perpetuate so much violence that the state would disintegrate. ||
 * **Alexander II** || Russian Tsar during Crimean war. ||
 * Emancipation Act (1861) || Freed all Russian serfs ||
 * Mirs ||  ||
 * Zemstvos || Local governments created by Alexander II ||
 * Intelligensia ||  ||
 * Count Sergei Witte || Author of October Mannifesto of 1905
 * **Alexander III** ||  ||
 * "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification" (3 Pillars of Russian Absolutism) || Russian East Orthadox Church

Political power in the hands of the Czar

Attepted to fight Westernization by forcing Russian culture upon people ||
 * pogroms || Riots and crimes against Jews ||
 * Zionism || Belief that the Jewish people should have a homeland ||
 * Theodore Herzl || founded modern political zionism ||
 * **Nicholas II** ||  ||
 * Russo-Japanese War ||  ||
 * "Bloody Sunday" ||  ||
 * Revolution of 1905 || Communist Revolution that overthew him ||
 * Duma ||  ||
 * Gregorii Rasputin ||  ||