Vocab+-+Unit+2



This is a gift to those who decided to check out the wiki tonight. It deals with the parliament that was called to session by Charles I (while he still had his head). Enjoy! - Mr. Meier** Valois = France Hapsburg = HRE/Austrian Empire Tudor = England Romanov = Russia ||
 * Hidden HINT*** for the UNIT 2 Exam -- There is a hint marked with a *** in a definition below.
 * __Age of Exploration__ ||
 * "New Monarchs" || A term referring to many of the monarchs of the late 15th - 16th century. These monarchs were consolidating power, unifying their formerly feudal states, and expanding their territory ||
 * Valois, Hapsburg, Tudor/Stuart, Romanov || These were the most powerful royal families of the day, absolutists in their respective countries.
 * Valois, Hapsburg, Tudor/Stuart, Romanov || These were the most powerful royal families of the day, absolutists in their respective countries.
 * Commercial Revolution || an increase of economical activity including increased trade and banks getting bigger and larger trading companies ||
 * Hanseatic League || hundreds, and eventually thousands, of cities traded with each other
 * more specifically, a trade route travelling through several European cities ||
 * Joint-Stock Companies || a group pulls money to create a company, first stock market ||
 * mercantilism || self-sufficient economy where the exports are greater than the imports usually involving the use of colonies as "cash cows", government controlled monopolies on bussiness and trade, i.e. Dutch East India Trading Company ||
 * "Price Revolution" || inflation ||
 * "God, Glory, Gold" || the reasons people began exploring, more in search of gold than anything else, despite their order ||
 * Prince Henry the Navigator || Portugese, funded exploration and investigation as well as nautical technological improvements ||
 * Bartholomew Días || the first to round the tip of Africa ||
 * Vasco da Gama || the first to sail around Africa and reach India ||
 * Amerigo Vespucci || the first to realize the new world was not India, North & South America were named after him ||
 * Christopher Columbus || reached the Bahamas first, thought America was India ||
 * Bartolome de las Casas || his father traveled with Columbus, was a former conquistador and criticized Columbus ||
 * Treaty of Tordesillas || decreee saying everything west of a certain line went to Spain, and East to Portugal ||
 * Vasco Nunez de Balboa || first to reach Pacific by walking across Panama ||
 * Ferdinand Magellan || first to sail around the tip of South America. Also credited with having traveled around the world. ||
 * conquistadores || an explorer or adventurer ||
 * Hernan Cortes || conquered Aztecs with the help of small pox ||
 * Francisco Pizarro || conquered Incas ||
 * "Golden Age of Spain" || mining gold and silver in Peru, richest silver mine ever found ||
 * Encomienda system || Spain's attempt to decrease abuse on natives, was weakly enforced. This resulted in the use of Native Americans as a primary labor pool in the Spanish plantations and farms in the New World. Essentially the natives were enslaved by the Spanish. ||
 * Mestizos || 1/2 Spanish, 1/2 American ||
 * Creoles || Spanish, but born in America ||
 * "Old Imperialism" || believed trade and mercantilism were very important ||
 * Francis Xavier || He was a Jesuit missionary who traveled into Japan, India and Indonesia ||
 * Dutch East India Company || an example of a company hired out by a king that would go out and conquer lands in the name of another country. ||
 * asiento || The Spanish term for the slave trade ||
 * Columbian Exchange || the general exchange of new goods from Europe to the New World and vice versa. ||
 * smallpox, syphilis || diseases brought to the Americas by Europeans ||
 * potato || brought back to Europe and caused a population explosion ||
 * "Long 16th Century" || marks a drastic turning point in the social, economic, cultural, and political formation of Europe ||
 * witch hunts || witchcraft was a common practice until the church began to associate it with the devil. The phrase “thou shall not suffer a witch to live” bred fear and suspicion. ||
 * __Thirty Years War (1618-1648)__ || The war between the Calvinists and the Holy Roman Emperor. It was made up of four phases and was the last religous war. ||
 * __Bohemian Phase__ || 1618-1629- Many Calvinist nobles revolted against Francis I in the Holy Roman Empire. The Calvinists lost. ||
 * Defenestration of Prague || During negotiations two Holy Roman Empire Officials were thrown out of a window into manure. Catholics claimed they were "saved by the Virgin Mary" ||
 * __Danish Phase__ || 1625-1629- King Christian IV of Denmark helped the Protestant reformers in the north of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire defeated Christian. The Calvinists lost ||
 * Albrecht von Wallenstein || mercenary commander who was hired by Francis I to command the Holy Roman Empire ||
 * Edict of Restitution || It basically revoked the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 and gave the Cathloic church their lands back. ||
 * __Swedish Phase__ || Swedish ruler helped the Calvinists. They gained ground until the King was killed in battle. The Edict of Restitution was repealed but no peace reached. ||
 * Gustavus Adolphus || King of Sweden, who helped to push the Holy Roman Empire forces back ||
 * __French Phase__ || The French fought the Holy Roaman Empire and Spain, the Catholic French allied with the Prodestants, ending the wars based only on religion, and beging the age of wars based on balancing power. France won and the Peace of Westphalia and the Peace of Pyrenees were reached soon afterward. ||
 * Cardinal Richelieu || He was the ruler of France until Louis XIII took the thrown. He was a cardinal and a politique. ||
 * Treaty of Westphalia (1648) || renewed peace of Augsburg and added Calvinists to the additional religions accepted ||
 * __Absolutism in Western Europe__ ||  ||
 * Absolutism || The practice of the monarch having complete control. The idea of “divine right of king” is part of this practice. God put the king on the thrown therefore no one can challenge him. ||
 * Jean Bodin || 1530-1596- His idea was that absolute power could only provide order and force the people to obey the government ||
 * Thomas Hobbes, //Leviathan// || 1588-1679- pessimistic view of human nature and believed in “divine right of kings" ||
 * Bishop Bossuet || was the person who first voiced the idea of “Divine right of kings” ||
 * "Divine Right" of kings || God put the king on the thrown therefore no one can question him or his rule ||
 * First Estate || Clergy < 1% ||
 * Second Estate || Nobles 3-4% ||
 * Third Estate || Peasants 95-96% of population ||
 * Henry IV || Henry of Navarre, won the War of the Henrys, converted to Catholicism to appease people in Paris. Passed the Edict of Nantes. ||
 * Bourbon Dynasty || Henry IV, King Louis ||
 * "nobility of the sword" || old nobles ||
 * "nobility of the robe" || new nobles ||
 * Duke of Sully || financial advisor of Henry IV; made France more successful ||
 * Louis XIII || Henry’s son, took over the thrown at a young age ||
 * Cardinal Richelieu || set up foundation for Absolutism in France ||
 * politique || politics above religious issues ||
 * Intendent system || replaced local officials with civil servants who reported to the king (weakened nobility) ||
 * Louis XIV, the "Sun King" || absolutist; 72 year reign ||
 * "L'etat, c'est moi" || "I am the State!" - Louis XIV ||
 * Fronde || rebellion of peasants against Louis XIV’s rule ||
 * Cardinal Mazarin || Italian who rules in place of Louis XIV until he is old enough ||
 * corvee || forced labor, required peasants to work for the king for one month out of the year ||
 * Versailles Palace || most grand & impressive palace in Europe. Many other monarchs sought to model their palace and court after Versailles ||
 * Edict of Fountainbleu || revoked Edict of Nantes; Huguenots lost their right of practicing Calvinism ||
 * Jean-Baptiste Colbert || Louis XIV’s finance minister ||
 * mercantilism, bullionism || favorable balance of trade; accumulate as much gold and silver as possible and prevent the leaving of gold and silver to other countries ||
 * balance of power || an agreement that one country cannot dominate the continent ||
 * War of the League of Augsburg || a group of counties become allies and try to destroy Louis XIV after he invaded the Spanish Netherlands ||
 * War of Spanish Succession || Louis’s grandson had a claim to the whole Spanish Empire and the Grand Alliance fought them for it ||
 * Treaty of Utrecht (1713) || maintained the balance of power in Europe; ended the expansion of Louis XIV ||
 * Philip II || laid the foundation of absolutism in Spain; Spain reached its peak under Philip ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||
 * Henry IV || Henry of Navarre, won the War of the Henrys, converted to Catholicism to appease people in Paris. Passed the Edict of Nantes. ||
 * Bourbon Dynasty || Henry IV, King Louis ||
 * "nobility of the sword" || old nobles ||
 * "nobility of the robe" || new nobles ||
 * Duke of Sully || financial advisor of Henry IV; made France more successful ||
 * Louis XIII || Henry’s son, took over the thrown at a young age ||
 * Cardinal Richelieu || set up foundation for Absolutism in France ||
 * politique || politics above religious issues ||
 * Intendent system || replaced local officials with civil servants who reported to the king (weakened nobility) ||
 * Louis XIV, the "Sun King" || absolutist; 72 year reign ||
 * "L'etat, c'est moi" || "I am the State!" - Louis XIV ||
 * Fronde || rebellion of peasants against Louis XIV’s rule ||
 * Cardinal Mazarin || Italian who rules in place of Louis XIV until he is old enough ||
 * corvee || forced labor, required peasants to work for the king for one month out of the year ||
 * Versailles Palace || most grand & impressive palace in Europe. Many other monarchs sought to model their palace and court after Versailles ||
 * Edict of Fountainbleu || revoked Edict of Nantes; Huguenots lost their right of practicing Calvinism ||
 * Jean-Baptiste Colbert || Louis XIV’s finance minister ||
 * mercantilism, bullionism || favorable balance of trade; accumulate as much gold and silver as possible and prevent the leaving of gold and silver to other countries ||
 * balance of power || an agreement that one country cannot dominate the continent ||
 * War of the League of Augsburg || a group of counties become allies and try to destroy Louis XIV after he invaded the Spanish Netherlands ||
 * War of Spanish Succession || Louis’s grandson had a claim to the whole Spanish Empire and the Grand Alliance fought them for it ||
 * Treaty of Utrecht (1713) || maintained the balance of power in Europe; ended the expansion of Louis XIV ||
 * Philip II || laid the foundation of absolutism in Spain; Spain reached its peak under Philip ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||
 * corvee || forced labor, required peasants to work for the king for one month out of the year ||
 * Versailles Palace || most grand & impressive palace in Europe. Many other monarchs sought to model their palace and court after Versailles ||
 * Edict of Fountainbleu || revoked Edict of Nantes; Huguenots lost their right of practicing Calvinism ||
 * Jean-Baptiste Colbert || Louis XIV’s finance minister ||
 * mercantilism, bullionism || favorable balance of trade; accumulate as much gold and silver as possible and prevent the leaving of gold and silver to other countries ||
 * balance of power || an agreement that one country cannot dominate the continent ||
 * War of the League of Augsburg || a group of counties become allies and try to destroy Louis XIV after he invaded the Spanish Netherlands ||
 * War of Spanish Succession || Louis’s grandson had a claim to the whole Spanish Empire and the Grand Alliance fought them for it ||
 * Treaty of Utrecht (1713) || maintained the balance of power in Europe; ended the expansion of Louis XIV ||
 * Philip II || laid the foundation of absolutism in Spain; Spain reached its peak under Philip ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||
 * balance of power || an agreement that one country cannot dominate the continent ||
 * War of the League of Augsburg || a group of counties become allies and try to destroy Louis XIV after he invaded the Spanish Netherlands ||
 * War of Spanish Succession || Louis’s grandson had a claim to the whole Spanish Empire and the Grand Alliance fought them for it ||
 * Treaty of Utrecht (1713) || maintained the balance of power in Europe; ended the expansion of Louis XIV ||
 * Philip II || laid the foundation of absolutism in Spain; Spain reached its peak under Philip ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||
 * Treaty of Utrecht (1713) || maintained the balance of power in Europe; ended the expansion of Louis XIV ||
 * Philip II || laid the foundation of absolutism in Spain; Spain reached its peak under Philip ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||
 * El Escorial || Philip II's palace. Monastary at center. Philip II’s bedroom opens to balcony above monastery ||


 * __Constitutionalism in Western Europe__ ||  ||
 * Constitutionalism || the limit of government power by law ||
 * Gentry || Wealthy Landowners, non-noble ||
 * House of Commons || the house of Parliament that is composed of non-nobles ||
 * Stuart Dynasty || the dynasty that took control of England after Elizabeth I ||
 * James I || became King of England after Elizabeth I died. He became king because he was related to Henry VII of England and was the closest relative to Elizabeth (as Elizabeth had no direct heir). ||
 * "Divine Right" of Kings || The belief that God had chosen the king for a reason ||
 * Charles I || followed James I to the throne of England ||
 * Petition of Right (1628) || limited Charles I's power in that he could no longer tax with out Parliament's consent. ||
 * "ship money" || a tax to coastal cities for the defence of the navy ||
 * "Short Parliament" || when Parliament was called into session for a period of 3 weeks after not being called for 11 years by Charles I ||
 * "Long Parliament" || lasted 8 years and granted many decrees that limited the king's power. They fought against the King politically, and ultimately went to war against him.
 * HINT*** know about this :)** ||
 * Archbishop Laud || firm supporter of Charles I and persecuted any one who disagreed with the king ||
 * English Civil War || the war between more absolutists and the constitutionalists in which Charles I was beheaded. ||
 * Cavaliers || people who supported the king during the civil war ||
 * Roundheads || people who supported the parliament during the English Civil War ||
 * Interregnum || the time between Charles I and Charles II. Oliver Cromwell had control for 11 years ||
 * Commonwealth || the name of the political group that took control of england and was lead by oliver cromwell ||
 * Protectorate || the title given to oliver cromwell when he takes over ||
 * Oliver Cromwell || took control of england and took it from a monarchy to a common wealth. ||
 * New Model Army || was formed at the dissatisfaction of the parliamentarians during the english civil war ||
 * Pride's Purge || the over throw of charles I ||
 * "Rump" Parliament || where oliver expelled everybody who disagreed with his views from parliament. ||
 * Levellers ||  ||
 * Diggers || radical reformers believing in economic equality ||
 * Quakers || a christian religion whose founders were unhappy with any choice of christianity; founded in England ||
 * Restoration || in 1660 when charles II took control back of england ||
 * Charles II || son of charles I took control after england became a commonwealth ||
 * Clarendon Code || when parliament passed laws limiting the power of any one who was not anglican ||
 * Test Act (1673) || stated that no one could serve in public office unless they were anglican ||
 * Habeas Corpus Act (1679) || when parlament gaurenteed the right to a speedy trial ||
 * James II || ruled england from 1633 - 1701 was replaced by william and mary ||
 * Attempt to reinstate Catholicism || was ultimately a failure ||
 * "Glorious Revolution" (1688) || caused because Parliament didn't want to give up thier rights gained during the English Civil War and go back to an absolute monarchy. ||
 * William and Mary || William and Mary were declared the monarchs of England William and Mary The monarchs of England, accepted Parliment's "Bill of Rights" ||
 * Bill of Rights (1688-89) || Affirmed Parliament the right to make laws and levy taxes and denied the King the right to create a standing army without Parliament consent ||
 * Toleration Act (1689) || granted the right to worship for Protestant non-conformist, and did not extend religious liberties to Catholics, Jews or Unitarians ||
 * Act of Settlement (1701) || the Stuarts were no longer in the line of succession ||
 * Act of Union (1707) || United English and Irish Parliaments ||
 * Great Britain || largest island in Europe composed of England, Wales, and Scotland ||
 * Cabinet system || made up of members of the house of commons, made common policy and conducted the business of the country ||
 * Prime Minister || responsible for exercising the King's patronage ||
 * Robert Walpole || Served as Prime Minister from 1721-1742 ||
 * //Second Treatise on Government// (Locke, 1690) || Locke believed humans lived in a state of equality and were entitled to life, liberty, and property ||
 * United Province of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) || became the core of the modern Dutch state and one of Europe's great powers ||
 * stadholder || state holder (Dutch) ||
 * Dutch Reformed Church || practiced religious toleration ||
 * Arminianism || Calvinists who didn't believe in predestination. ||
 * Amsterdam || replaced Antwerp as the financial and commercial capital of Europe ||
 * Dutch East India Co. || carried out colonial activities in Asia and was an important trading concern for almost two centuries. ||
 * Gustavus Adolphus || King of Sweden during Thirty Years' War. Revived Sweden and made it into a great Baltic power ||
 * Gustavus Adolphus || King of Sweden during Thirty Years' War. Revived Sweden and made it into a great Baltic power ||

This gives Russia access to warm-weather ports, and thus access to western ideas, trade, and technology. ||
 * __Eastern Europe__ ||  ||
 * Holy Roman Empire || The Hapsburg emperors wanted the Holy Roman Empire to gain influence but were met with opposition by German princes ||
 * Ottoman Empire || Became a stable and influential European power but eventually lost European territory and was no longer a threat ||
 * Suleiman the Magnificent || The ruler of the ottoman empire. Was a major player in their wide expansion. ||
 * Janissary Corps || Military system under Ottoman Empire composed of Christian boys taken from their parents ||
 * Polish Kingdom (aka. Poland-Lithuania) || Was the largest kingdom in Christiandom at the 15th century and played a major role in Europe ||
 * liberum veto || Polish parliament ran on unanimous vote and each party had veto power (not efficent) ||
 * serfdom || The idea of peasants working for a ruler, rarely getting paid more than the right to live on the land they worked on. ||
 * Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) || Empire extending into the Ottoman Empire and included areas such as Hungary and Transylvania ||
 * Bohemia || a state of the hapsburg dynasty, originally religiously free, but as religious freedoms were taken away, it resulted in the Thirty Year's War ||
 * Austria proper || Lower Austria ||
 * Hungary || A province of the Austrian-Hapsburg dynasty, but also a Nation of people with their own distinct language and cultute. They were regarded as second class citizens under the Hapsburg dynasty. ||
 * Leopold I || reigns from 1658 to 1705 strictly restricted Protestanism in Empire, ruled during the seige of Vienna ||
 * seige of Vienna (1683) || The last offensive of the ottoman empire to try to gain a foothold in Europe. ||
 * Pragmatic Sanction || The decree by the holy Roman Emporer, stating that the empire and all of its possesions were to remain under the control of one ruler ||
 * Prussia || A major power in Germany with a large military force. ||
 * Hohenzollerns || The royal family of rulers and electors in Prussia, including many Fredericks. ||
 * Frederick William, the "Great Elector" || A Prussian king who established Prussia as a major power, and was known for religous toleration ||
 * Junkers || Wealthy land owners who formed the Officer corps in the Prussian Army ||
 * "king of Prussia" || The ruler of the Prussian Empire ||
 * Frederick William I || "The soldiers King" Obsessed over his army, doubling his army's size with mostly tall soldiers, he was the peak of power and believed in doing good for the people ||
 * "Sparta of the North" || Used to described the military society that was going on in Prussia and comparing them to the ancient culture of warriors. ||
 * Russian Empire / Muscovy** ||  ||
 * boyars || Russian nobility ||
 * Ivan III ("the Great") || the longest Russian ruler ever, he helped to triple the size of Russia. Worked to unite "Russians" and expel the Mongols from power. ||
 * "Third Rome" || Referring to a city being the same as Rome. This was bestowed of the Russian city of Moscow. ||
 * Ivan IV ("the Terrible") || 1533-1547 Ivan was a cruel ruler who committed many murderous and vicious acts against his own people. He was the first self-proclaimed Tsar of Russia ||
 * Cossacks || A group or culture who live in Russia. They are characterized by long beards. ||
 * "Time of Troubles" || This was the period before the Romanov dynasty came to power. There were many peasant revolts and general chaos throughout the country. ||
 * Romanov dynasty || This dynasty of tzar's controlled Russia from 1613 to 1917. ||
 * Michael Romanov || The founder of the Romanov dynasty ||
 * "Old Believers" || These are people who believe in the old ideals of the Russian orthodox church. ||
 * Peter the Great || June 9-1672-February 8-1725. One of Russia's greatest rulers, he was interested in gaining knowledge and traveled Europe gaining many new skills and trades. He brought Russia into significance in Europe ||
 * Strelski || The elite guards of Moscow who incited many uprisings against the Tzars ||
 * Great Northern War || a war fought between Russia and Sweden over Russian access to a port city on the Baltic sea. ||
 * "Window on the West" || Peter the Great defeats Sweden and conquers Estonia and Latvia.
 * Table of Ranks || replacement of boyars (old nobility) with a group of civil servants who were more qualified. ||
 * St. Petersburg || The capital of Russia, built by Peter the Great. Many peasants died building this project. ||
 * Winter Palace || A palace built in St. Petersburg by Peter the Great. The palace was modeled after Versailles. Peter the Great's "Window to the West" It was said to be modeled after the palace of Versai. ||