3.2+Enlightenment

People of the enlightment started to believe that progress in society is possible, education is the key to progress and reason could explain everything. There was an emergence of secular world view.


 * Deism** starts to be formed during the Enlightment. It is the belief that there is a God who created everything, but he doesn't take part in our everyday lives.

-he wasn't an absolutist -he believed that people were essentially rational and born potentially good -he wrote __Two Treatises of Civil Government__ -every person was born with natural rights- life, liberty, and property - people have the right to rebel -he also wrote __Essay Concerning Human Understanding__ --education is the key; people are born with a blank slate mind and their mind is formed through experience
 * John Locke** (1632-1704)

-he was a skeptic (a doubter; believed that nothing can be proven %100 -had complete toleration of ideas - in favor of freedom to worship
 * Pierre Bayle** (1647-1706)

Philosophes - part of an elite circle of intellectual thinkers

-he was the most influential philosophe -he wrote with sarcasm -he challenged original Catholic theology -he believed in Deism -he thought reason was the key to making progress -he called for religious toleration -said, "ecracsez l'infame"- crush the infamous thing (referring to religious intoleration) -also said "if God didnt exist, then it would be neccesary for man to invent him"
 * Voltaire** (1694-1778)

-he opposed Louis XIV -wrote __Spirit of the Laws__ which was about seperation of powers and checks and balances -thought that Britain's government was a good example of what a government ought to be.
 * Baron de Montesquieu** (1689-1755)

-wrote __Social Contract__ which was about his beliefs in general will and how majority shoud rule -was an advocate for democracy -he believed that people are naturally good but corrupted by society -also wrote __Emile__ which discussed education and how people are free to learn
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau** (1712-1778)

-Wrote the __Encylopedia__ which was a collection of enlightment ideas -the Catholic Church and France bannned his book
 * Denis Diderot** (1713-1784)

-Wrote __On Crimes and Punishment__
 * Cesare Beccaria**
 * it humanized criminal law
 * punishments on crime should be based on how much damage is done to society
 * opposed the death penalty
 * opposed torture for integeration

-Wrote __The Wealth of Nations__ -was a scottish economist -known as the father of capitalism -He had three Big Ideas 1.Law of self intrest-all people are greedy and its not always a bad thing 2.Laissez-Faire - government should keep out of economy 3.Law of competition- competition is a good thing and it helps the economy
 * Adam Smith** (1727-1790)

-Physicist, mathemetician, philosopher, and astronomer -First systematic studies of accelerated motion -Improved telescope and astronomical data -Studied kinematics -In the last years of his life he had to recant heliocentrism and be placed under house arrest where he continued to work
 * Galileo Galilei** (1564-1642)

-Lawyer and Lord Chancellor -Rejected Capernicus and Kepler, misunderstood Galileo -Believed that science should create beneficial items
 * Francis Bacon** (1561-1626)

-Philosopher, mathematician, scientist, writer -Father of Modern Philosophy and Mathematics -Created Cartensain coordinate plane -Worked in plane geomotry and algebra
 * Rene Descartes** (1596-1650)