Vocab+-+Unit+3

Thought planets had a circular orbit, the stars were very far away and the earth rotated on its axis. || 2) Spiritual/ thinking. || -origins found in the teachings of John Wesley || -very highly charged and was often violent in conversion (pg 498) -started the idea of Methodism || -seen as Heretical by catholic church -origins are based in the writings of Cornelius Otto Jansen || -rulers accepted ideas of enlightenment, emphasizing on rationality -allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property || -Prince Elector of Holy Roman Empire -Proponent of enlightened absolutism -promoted religious tolerance -improved the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service || -he was able to do this because he did not agree to the Pragmatic Sanction ||  || - between 900,000 and 1,400,000 people died -Prussia, Hanover, and Great Britain VS Austria, France, Russian Empire, Sweden and Saxony -War ended Frances power in the new world, and leading power of Europe || -seen as an enlightened despot -added about 200,000 miles to Russia’s territory || -Emelyan Pugachev rallied serfs, peasants and Cossacks; getting them to rebel by promising them land of their own || -it involved Prussia, Russia and Hapsburg Austria; these countries divided the common wealth between themselves || - Maria Theresa helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources -became a strong supporter of inoculations after she became infected with small pox || -was an enlightened despot -strongly backed the ideas of education, freedom of worship ||
 * **__Scientific Revolution__** ||
 * Scientific Revolution || It was a rebellion against the Medieval Greek and Roman views, and a chance to newer ideas. ||
 * Copernicus, Heliocentric view || He believed in the heliocentric model, that the planets revolved around the sun and not the earth as it was commonly believed. wrote __On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.__
 * Tycho Brahe || He built the most advanced observatory. With the naked eye he recorded very detailed observations of the positions and movement of starts and planets. He did not believe that everything orbited the sun, but couldn't believe that the earth moved. ||
 * Johannes Kepler, 3 laws of planetary motion || He was Brahe's assistant and used his observations to help come up with his 3 laws of planetary motion: 1) The planets had elliptical orbits with the sun at the center of the ellipse 2) The planets move faster when closer to the sun. 3) The time it takes the plants are orbit the sun is directly related to its proximity to the sun in other words, larger planets have slower orbits and smaller planets have faster orbits. ||
 * Galileo || He supported the idea that everything revolved around the sun. Said gravity was a uniform force and when applied to an object, it would accelerate. He discovered inertia. Improved telescopes and was the first to observe the moon through a telescope. He discovered the mountains and craters on the moon, Jupiter's four moons, phases and Venus and sunspots. He published "The Starry Messenger." He was condemned by the church and eventually placed on house arrest and excommunicated. ||
 * laws of motion || 1) every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an outside force. 2) the rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force action on it. 3) to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. ||
 * telescope || enabled Europeans to begin a new age in astronomy ||
 * Francis Bacon || Bacon was English. He was a scientist that developed the idea of a scientific method with inductive reasoning. He was also one of the first not to place the Greeks and Romans on a pedestal above other teachers. He wrote but did not finish __The Great Instauration__ ||
 * empiricism || The practice and relying on observation and experiment. ||
 * inductive method || Bacon's method of starting specific (collecting data) and then drawing general conclusions about these findings. ||
 * Rene Descartes || He was French. During his years of study Descartes developed a scientific method that stemmed from deductive reasoning. Descartes’ discoveries began to explain how something worked or the purpose of that action but his ideas did not try to explain why something happened. This allowed the church and religion to keep its importance. He wrote __The Discourse on Method__. ||
 * deductive reasoning || Descartes' idea for gather data. This was the method of beginning with general observations and then making specific conclusions. ||
 * //cogito ergo sum// || "I think; therefore I am" -//Rene Descartes// ||
 * Cartesian dualism || The idea that the whole world can be split into two sections or parts. 1) Physical and
 * //cogito ergo sum// || "I think; therefore I am" -//Rene Descartes// ||
 * Cartesian dualism || The idea that the whole world can be split into two sections or parts. 1) Physical and
 * Isaac Newton || invented calculus; 3 laws of gravity; wrote Principia ||
 * principle of universal gravitation || every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity ||
 * //Principia// (1687) || law of gravity; mass attracted to each other ||
 * Vesalius || studied medicine and anatomy; blood vessels originated from the heart ||
 * William Harvey || heart, not liver, beginning of circulation in body; laid foundation for modern physiology ||
 * Anton van Leeuwenhoek || father of microscopy; discovered bacteria; first to see organisms in drop of water ||
 * Royal Society || helped scientists to communicate their ideas to each other more efficiently ||
 * **__Enlightenment__** ||
 * Enlightenment || An eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. ||
 * Deism || Belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws. ||
 * **John Locke** || A British philosopher/writer/Revolutionary who opposed authoritarianism **Locke is considered one of the greatest of the Enlightenment thinkers and influenced others such as Voltaire and Rousseau. He believed in ‘tabula rasa’, a blank state of mind at birth, and was one of the first philosophers to define one’s self through consciousness.** ||
 * Two Treatises on Government || A political philosophy work anonymously written by John Locke. In this work, Locke criticizes the patriarchal system in the first Treatise and promotes natural rights and contract theory in his second, which states that governments require the consent of their people if they wish to remain in power. ||
 * Essay Concerning Human Understanding || One of John Locke’s most famous works. In it, Locke describes the human mind and, using the theory of ‘tabula rasa’, believes that humans learn everything through personal experience and natural observations. This essay influenced other great philosophers to reach greater heights. ||
 * Tabula Rasa || A belief in which humans are born with no previous knowledge, or a “blank slate”. Knowledge is obtained by personal experience and observations ||
 * Philosophes || Intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife. ||
 * **Voltaire** || A French philosopher/writer who possessed a negative view on the French aristocracy, bourgeois, and commoners. He saw **New France****,** **France****’s colonial holdings in** **North America****, as economically poor and of little use. He supported social reform and was one of the few atheists of the time.** ||
 * **Baron de Montesquieu**, Spirit of the Laws || Montesquieu was a political thinker who conceived the idea of the separation of powers, the split between legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. ||
 * Checks and Balances / Separation of Powers || Developed by **Baron de Montesquieu, and is the structure for democratic states. The branches legislative, executive, and judicial all have different responsibilities in their departments.** ||
 * **Jean-Jacques Rousseau** || Credited with the idea of general will, Rousseau was a Swiss author/composer/philosopher who moved to **Paris** **as he pursued his musical career. His writings transformed the way future authors and philosophers thought, and were some of the best-selling works of the 18th century. His ideas contributed to the French Revolution.** ||
 * Social Contract (1762) || A literary work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in which the perfect society is controlled by the “general will” of a group’s populace. This work inspired many political reforms and even the French Revolution. ||
 * general will || Jean jacques Rosseau created a philosophy referring to the desire or intrest of a people as a whole. ||
 * "noble savage" || A primitivism that is described as a concept of humanity as unencumbered by europeans. ||
 * **Denis Diderot**, //The Encyclopedia// || French Philosopher who was a great figure in the enlightenment. ||
 * **Marquis de Beccaria** || Italian philosopher/politician. condemned torture and death penalty. ||
 * Physiocrats || The physiocrats were a group of economists who believed that wealth of nations was derived solely from agriculture. ||
 * **Adam Smith**, Wealth of Nations (1776) || Came up with idea of capitalism, and school choice for education. (choose where you want to go to school. ||
 * Salon Movement || European drawing room traditions. ||
 * **Mary Wollstonecraft** || Brit. Writer. Known as a founding Feminist philosopher. ||
 * Baron Paul d'Holbach || Strong atheist. German philosopher ||
 * David Hume || created a naturalistic philosophy ||
 * Jean de Condorcet || French Mathematician and philosopher. important in French Revolution. ||
 * Immanuel Kant || Ger. philosopher. founded critical philosophy ||
 * German Pietism || Movement with Lutheranism. influential to protestantism. ||
 * Methodism || -a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity
 * Methodism || -a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity
 * **John Wesley** || -lowered religion to the level of the lowest people's capacities
 * Jansenism || -a Catholic idea that supported original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace and pre destination
 * __Enlightened Despotism__ || -form of despotism in which rulers were influenced by the enlightenment
 * **Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia** || -King of Prussia (Hohenzollern dynasty)
 * War of Austian Succession - Silesia || -Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia on Dec. 16, 1740
 * Seven Years' War || -incorporates the Pomeranian and French and Indian wars
 * Seven Years' War || -incorporates the Pomeranian and French and Indian wars
 * Treaty of Paris || - ended the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War ||
 * "First Servant of the State" || -Frederick the Great viewed himself as “First Servant of the State” ||
 * **Catherine the Great** || -Empress of Russia
 * Pugachev Rebellion || -largest revolt in Russian History
 * Polish Partitions / Liberum Veto || -it ended the sovereignty of the Polish commonwealth
 * **Maria Theresa** || -successor to the Hapsburg Dynasty
 * Pragmatic Santion of 1713 || - designed to ensure that the Austrian throne and Hapsburg lands would be inherited by Emperor Charles VI's daughter, Maria Theresa ||
 * **Joseph II** || his full name: Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michel Adam
 * **Joseph II** || his full name: Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michel Adam
 * **__Art & Culture of the 17th & 18th C.__** ||
 * Baroque ||  ||
 * Bernini ||  ||
 * Schönbrunn ||  ||
 * Winter Palace ||  ||
 * Carvaggio ||  ||
 * Peter Paul Reubens ||  ||
 * Diego Velazquez ||  ||
 * Artimesia Gentileschi ||  ||
 * Dutch Style ||  ||
 * Rembrandt ||  ||
 * Jan Vermeer ||  ||
 * French Classicism ||  ||
 * Nicholas Poussin ||  ||
 * Jean Baptiste Racine ||  ||
 * Moliere ||  ||
 * J.S. Bach ||  ||
 * Rococo ||  ||
 * Neoclassicism ||  ||
 * Jacques-Louis David, //Oath of the Horatii// ||  ||
 * Jacques-Louis David, //Oath of the Horatii// ||  ||