Chapter16

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
 * 1) Went to University of Krakow in Poland, later studied in Italy.
 * 2) Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"
 * 3) Reformed papal calander so he could correctly calculate when Easter was
 * 4) COPERNICUS THEORY
 * Put stars at rest (they don't move)
 * The universe is big (stars are very far away)
 * Rejects geocentric theory and submits a heliocentric theory (the sun is at the center, not earth)

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
 * 1) Danish nobleman who was granted possesion of an island near Copenhagen.
 * 2) Built libraries and observatories
 * 3) Made a 20 year compilation oabout movement of stars and planets
 * 4) Rejected Aristotilian-Ptolemiac system
 * 5) Was an imperial mathematician for Rudolph II

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
 * 1) German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer.
 * 2) Eponymous Laws of Planetary MotionWas Brahe's assistant
 * 3) Wrote "Astronomia Nova"
 * 4) First great Protestant astronomer
 * 5) Mathematically connects Brahe and Copernicus
 * Orbits of planets are eliptical, not circular
 * Planets do not move at uniformed speed
 * Time it takes planet to circle the sun connects to how close it is to the sun

__Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727):__ -attended Cambridge University and invented calculus (a system showing a mathematical rate of change) -investigated the composition of light (prism experiments) -worked on universal law of gravitation [all pieces of matter in the universe exert forces on each other] - wrote __Principia__ in which he defined mass, velocity, acceleration and three laws of motion (1- object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion until acted upon by another force, 2- the rate of change of motion of an object is directly proportional to the force acting upon it, 3- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction) -laws explained that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object in the universe by a force -proposed the idea of the “world machine” (the world operated absolutely in time, space and motion) -extremely interested in aspects of the occult world and alchemy -often tried to suppress his tendencies toward Hermetic tradition -wrote __Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy__ (last highly influential book to be written in Latin), filled with proofs demonstrating gravity a culmination of his theories

__Vesalius (1514-1564):__ -studied in Paris with Galen and received doctorate in medicine form the university of Padua -emphasized practical research as the principle avenue to understanding the human anatomy, published __On the Fabric of the Human Body__ -personally dissected bodies and carefully examined organs and the human structure -discovered that blood flows in both veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

__William Harvey (1578-1657)__ -wrote __On the Motion of the Heart and Blood__ which was based on many careful observations and experiments -demonstrated the heart and not the liver was the beginning of circulation of blood in the body -also stated that blood did indeed flow in both veins and arteries and make a complete circuit as it passes through the body

__Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1732)__ -Dutch tradesman and scientist from the Netherlands, known as the ‘father of microbiology’ -best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and contributions toward the establishment of microbiology -observed and described single-cell organisms -was first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria and blood flow in capillaries